{"id":16241,"date":"2025-03-27T22:12:30","date_gmt":"2025-03-27T20:12:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/miir.gr\/?p=16241"},"modified":"2025-03-31T19:53:07","modified_gmt":"2025-03-31T16:53:07","slug":"a-europe-for-the-few","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/miir.gr\/en\/a-europe-for-the-few\/","title":{"rendered":"A Europe for the few"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; fullwidth=&#8221;on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.19.2&#8243; background_image=&#8221;https:\/\/miir.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Cover.jpg&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_fullwidth_header title=&#8221;A Europe for the few&#8221; button_one_url=&#8221;https:\/\/www.europeandatajournalism.eu\/eng\/News\/Data-news\/How-Europe-s-prisons-have-fared-in-the-Covid-19-pandemic&#8221; title_tablet=&#8221;A Europe for the few&#8221; title_phone=&#8221;A Europe for the few&#8221; title_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; content_tablet=&#8221;<\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: center;%22><strong>The process of acquiring citizenship in Greece and Europe remains fraught with obstacles and significant delays. An EDJNet cross-border data investigation on the barriers and challenges in acquiring citizenship in the European Union.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: center;%22><strong>27\/3\/2025<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8221; content_phone=&#8221;<\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: center;%22><strong>The process of acquiring citizenship in Greece and Europe remains fraught with obstacles and significant delays. An EDJNet cross-border data investigation on the barriers and challenges in acquiring citizenship in the European Union.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=%22text-align: center;%22><strong>27\/3\/2025<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8221; content_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; content_max_width_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; content_max_width_phone=&#8221;100%&#8221; content_max_width_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.2&#8243; title_text_align=&#8221;center&#8221; title_font_size=&#8221;29px&#8221; content_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; content_text_align=&#8221;center&#8221; background_color_gradient_direction=&#8221;337deg&#8221; background_color_gradient_stops=&#8221;rgba(10,11,48,0.72) 51%|rgba(255,137,141,0.26) 100%&#8221; background_color_gradient_start=&#8221;rgba(10,11,48,0.72)&#8221; background_color_gradient_start_position=&#8221;86%&#8221; background_color_gradient_end=&#8221;rgba(255,137,141,0.26)&#8221; background_image=&#8221;https:\/\/miir.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/EU-citizenship-main.jpeg&#8221; 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content_quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=&#8221;0px&#8221; content_quote_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=&#8221;0px&#8221; content_quote_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=&#8221;1px&#8221; button_one_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=&#8221;0px&#8221; button_one_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=&#8221;0px&#8221; button_one_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=&#8221;1px&#8221; button_two_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=&#8221;0px&#8221; button_two_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=&#8221;0px&#8221; button_two_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=&#8221;1px&#8221; box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=&#8221;0px&#8221; box_shadow_vertical_tablet=&#8221;0px&#8221; box_shadow_blur_tablet=&#8221;40px&#8221; box_shadow_spread_tablet=&#8221;0px&#8221; box_shadow_horizontal_image_tablet=&#8221;0px&#8221; box_shadow_vertical_image_tablet=&#8221;0px&#8221; box_shadow_blur_image_tablet=&#8221;40px&#8221; box_shadow_spread_image_tablet=&#8221;0px&#8221; box_shadow_horizontal_button_one_tablet=&#8221;0px&#8221; box_shadow_vertical_button_one_tablet=&#8221;0px&#8221; box_shadow_blur_button_one_tablet=&#8221;40px&#8221; box_shadow_spread_button_one_tablet=&#8221;0px&#8221; box_shadow_horizontal_button_two_tablet=&#8221;0px&#8221; box_shadow_vertical_button_two_tablet=&#8221;0px&#8221; box_shadow_blur_button_two_tablet=&#8221;40px&#8221; box_shadow_spread_button_two_tablet=&#8221;0px&#8221; text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=&#8221;0px&#8221; text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=&#8221;0px&#8221; text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=&#8221;1px&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>The process of acquiring citizenship in Greece and Europe remains fraught with obstacles and significant delays. An EDJNet cross-border data investigation on the barriers and challenges in acquiring citizenship in the European Union.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>27\/3\/2025<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_fullwidth_header][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.19.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; min_height=&#8221;1627px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;-40px||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;45px||3px|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.19.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; min_height=&#8221;1404px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;-30px||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||11px|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.19.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Text&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; min_height=&#8221;115px&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;21px|||||&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Research &#8211; Text: Janine Louloudi, Maria \u00c1lvarez Del Vayo, Lucas Laursen, Ter Garc\u00eda, Carmen Torrecillas, Adrian Maqueda<br \/>Data analysis &#8211; Illustrations: <a href=\"https:\/\/civio.es\/tag\/citizenship\/\">Civio<\/a>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the Ministry of Migration and Asylum, the new occupant of the ministerial office presented his credentials a week ago. And it was exactly what anyone familiar with Makis Voridis&#8217; path in the far-right, would expect. Appearing at the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.efsyn.gr\/ellada\/dikaiomata\/466610_apofasizo-kai-aposyro\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">House Committee on Public Administration, Public Order and Justice (19\/3)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, he was quick to announce that he personally made the decision to withdraw the provision of a bill that extended until the end of September the deadline for submitting applications for legalization of immigrants who have lived in Greece for more than three years and have found an employer (Article 205, para. 2) &#8211; a procedure that had been proposed by his predecessor Dimitris Kairidis, in an attempt to meet the pressing need for a workforce. He then announced that any further decision &#8220;should be linked to more restrictive policies to deal with illegal immigration from now on&#8221;. A few days later (27\/3) <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.efsyn.gr\/politiki\/kybernisi\/467320_episkepsi-mitsotaki-me-blemma-stin-agora-ergasias-sto-ypoyrgeio\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">during a visit to the ministry<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis would additionally state that legal immigration to Greece &#8220;must meet established labour market needs&#8221;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Residence permits<\/strong>, initially temporary and then long-term, are the basic \u201cpaper&#8221; for proving legal residence in the country and the first step in the long process towards acquiring Greek citizenship for those foreigners who do not possess significant athletic or other qualifications to &#8220;offer exceptional services or serve an exceptional interest in the country&#8221; (Article 13 of the Code of Greek Citizenship), in order to receive honorary naturalization. Such naturalizations vary considerably, are usually quick and depend only on the political will of the government.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A very characteristic example is that of athletes who were naturalized in order to wear the colours of the Hellenic National Team, such as for example the Olympiakos basketball player Thomas Walkup, who received Greek citizenship in 2023 and participated with the Greek team in the 2024 Olympics. At least 25 athletes competed in Paris having received citizenship by decree of a European country, including Ekaterina Antropova, a Russian volleyball player naturalized by Italy in 2023, and Russian wrestler <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/civio.box.com\/s\/qfs84jlaqvlgez4trnlgzbtq0opni2u5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dauren Kurugliev <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">who gave Greece a silver medal.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However for people like <strong>Natalia<\/strong>, who has been living in Greece for the last 28 years, acquiring citizenship still seems like an elusive dream. She and her husband left Moldova in 1997, when the country was in a severe economic crisis, leaving behind two children. They both worked hard &#8211; she as a cleaner and housekeeper, her husband as a handyman &#8211;\u00a0 and managed to bring over and raise their daughters here. The years went by, constantly renewing their residence permits, until in 2014 Natalia heard her daughters say, &#8220;Mom, we have our friends here, our studies here, we&#8217;re not going back.&#8221; It was around the time when the girls went to university, obtained Greek citizenship and encouraged her to apply for Greek citizenship.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8220;Citizenship unlocks the rights that individuals should have as full members in a state,&#8221; says migration researcher <strong>Jelena Dzankic<\/strong>, co-director of the Global Citizenship Observatory and<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> a part-time professor at the European University Institute (EUI) in Florence, Italy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_code _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;-50px||||false|false&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<!-- Bar chart: Naturalizations as a percentage of the number of foreign residents --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/p>\n<div id=\"bar-chart-container\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> <iframe loading=\"lazy\" scrolling=\"no\"<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> src=&#8221;https:\/\/graphs.civio.es\/posts\/nacionalidad\/porcentaje-nacionalizaciones\/dist\/index.html?lang=en&#8221; vspace=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;100%&#8221; frameborder=&#8221;0&#8243;><\/iframe><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/p>\n<style><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> #bar-chart-container { position: relative; overflow: hidden; height: 500px }<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> #bar-chart-container > iframe { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100% }<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> @media (min-width: 600px) {#bar-chart-container { height: 460px }}<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/style>\n<p>[\/et_pb_code][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; min_height=&#8221;737px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;38px||38px||true|&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;9px|||||&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, European countries only naturalise a small proportion of their foreign residents each year. According to the latest available figures, in 2022 the European Union, with a population of 448.4 million people, had naturalised <strong>less than 1 million people<\/strong>. In total, European countries host 41.2 million foreigners. Sweden naturalised the most in relation to its total population, followed by the Netherlands and Italy. Austria, Estonia and Latvia, on the other hand, naturalised the smallest proportion. Most citizenship decisions in European countries in 2022 concerned immigrants from Morocco, Syria and Albania.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>The prohibitive terms<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Among the factors influencing naturalisation rates, the terms requested by states for people to obtain citizenship play an important role. Firstly, the documentation of the total number of years of legal residence, ranging up to 10 years in Spain, Austria and Italy and 7 years in Greece.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the same time, additional integration terms, such as certain years of work, language and cultural examinations, documents from the applicants&#8217; countries of origin, are also required, which can act as barriers to entry. Persons applying for naturalisation through other channels, such as refugees or spouses of citizens, face similar requirements. There are also work or income requirements. In more than a dozen European countries, one of the requirements for citizenship is a stable source of income.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After a long wait, Natalia took her exams in 2023 to obtain Greek citizenship, spending money on the necessary documents and hours of endless studying without help. She managed to pass the exams, but her application was rejected as, working as a cleaner, she did not meet the minimum required annual income of 8,450 euros for the relevant period between 2014-2019. &#8220;I have been here legally since 1997 and all these years I have been living somehow, right? But not with what was required&#8221;, she explains to MIIR in frustration.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It took<strong> nine years<\/strong> from Natalia&#8217;s initial application to the announcement of the final decision on her citizenship. The corresponding time in Spain and Italy can be as long as ten years, while in Greece it is six years, although the law stipulates that the administration has 12 months to examine applications for naturalisation. There are currently more than 30,000 pending applications in our country.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Natalia, however, decided not to take the exam again, as she is now 61 years old and does not think she will ever be able to meet the income threshold. She will simply try to renew her residence permit, a process that the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/g2red.org\/el\/ellinika-adeies-anamonis-kai-kat-ektimisi-politografiseis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NGO Generation 2.0 Red estimates<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> may take at least two years. That&#8217;s because in 2024, pending residence permit applications for third-country nationals reached <strong>280,474<\/strong>, with about 32,650 new applications added in one year, from November 2023 to November 2024.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/miir.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Stateless.jpg&#8221; alt=&#8221;Stateless_civio&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Stateless&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; min_height=&#8221;334px&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;14px||0px|||&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As Generation 2.0 Red reports in its <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/g2red.org\/el\/monitoring-of-administrative-processes-for-obtaining-citizenship\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">latest report on Monitoring Administrative Procedures for Obtaining Citizenship <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Report #2, May 2024 &#8211; August 2024)), &#8220;a key and insurmountable barrier for most applicants is the requirement to prove minimum income, which leads to many application denials. Acquiring citizenship for people who have lived in the country for years and have developed strong ties with it, should not depend on economic factors&#8221;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In Greece in 2023, 4,931 decisions for naturalisation of migrants were issued (latest available data from the General Secretariat for Citizenship), of which 3,515 (71.28%) were positive. The majority of them (73.88%) concerned immigrants from Albania. However, three out of ten applications (1,416 in number) for citizenship were rejected.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Strangers in their own land<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are also thousands of pending citizenship applications in Greece in the case of second-generation immigrants, reaching <strong>18,822<\/strong> at the end of March 2022 (latest available data), with delays in the processing of applications exceeding four years.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_code _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<!-- Squares container: Percentage of naturalizations --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/p>\n<div id=\"squares-chart-container\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> <iframe loading=\"lazy\" scrolling=\"no\"<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> src=&#8221;https:\/\/graphs.civio.es\/posts\/nacionalidad\/born-concessions\/dist\/index.html?lang=en&#8221; vspace=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;100%&#8221; frameborder=&#8221;0&#8243;><\/iframe><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/p>\n<style><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> #squares-chart-container { position: relative; overflow: hidden; height: 950px }<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> #squares-chart-container > iframe { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100% }<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> @media (min-width: 615px) {#squares-chart-container { height: 450px }}<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/style>\n<p>[\/et_pb_code][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this case, citizenship is granted, at the request of the parents, either to minor children born in the country and enrolled in the first grade of primary school (strict conditions apply regarding the status and years of residence of their parents in the country), or to minor children who have completed nine grades of primary and secondary education in a Greek school or six grades of secondary education or have a high school diploma and a higher education degree.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2023 the acceptance rate of second generation citizenship applications was <strong>97.3<\/strong>% (7,514 positive decisions), in 2022 98.38% (6,867) and in 2021 97.03% (5,154).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2022, Italy and Spain were the two European countries with the highest total number of naturalisations (213,716 and 181,581 respectively) according to Eurostat. However, almost a third of these involve people born there. The proportion is similar in Austria (32.69%), but higher in Greece (53.93%), where more than half of the 12,733 people granted citizenship were born here.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The laws of EU member states tend to favour citizenship by descent (jus sanguinis) rather than by place of birth (jus soli), but several countries allow people born there to become citizens regardless of their parents&#8217; nationality in special cases.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_code _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<!-- Map container: Access to citizenship for persons born in the country with foreign parents --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/p>\n<div id=\"map-container\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> <iframe loading=\"lazy\" scrolling=\"no\"<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> src=&#8221;https:\/\/graphs.civio.es\/posts\/nacionalidad\/born-acquisition-maps\/dist\/index.html?lang=en&#8221; vspace=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;100%&#8221; frameborder=&#8221;0&#8243;><\/iframe><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/p>\n<style><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> #map-container { position: relative; overflow: hidden; height: 670px }<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> #map-container > iframe { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100% }<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> @media (min-width: 565px) {#map-container { height: 600px }}<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/style>\n<p>[\/et_pb_code][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Text&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Five countries automatically grant citizenship to people born there to foreign parents who meet certain conditions, according to the Global Citizenship Observatory (Globalcit). Portugal offers citizenship to children born there whose foreign parents have lived there for a year. Ireland does so after three years. Germany does it after five years, from June 2024, while Luxembourg and France automatically grant citizenship to people born there who can prove they have lived in the country for 5 years when they turn 18. In France, more than a quarter of the approximately 114,500 naturalizations in 2022 involved children aged 13 to 17 whose parents filed an application for their naturalisation, despite the provision for automatic citizenship at age 18.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In contrast, fifteen other EU countries do not allow the automatic naturalisation of children born there to foreign parents, but offer simplified procedures, such as reducing the time required for prior legal residence. There is no common rule: while in Spain, parents of children born in the country can apply for their child&#8217;s citizenship after one year of legal residence, in Italy they cannot apply until the child turns 18. Sweden requires three years of residence, not only for children born there, but for all minors residing in the country, regardless of their place of birth.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In all these countries, the first barrier to naturalisation is the acquisition of legal residence. &#8220;When children are born to parents who are in an irregular situation, they are also in an irregular situation,&#8221; explains Diego Fern\u00e1ndez-Maldonado, a migration lawyer for the civil society organisation Caritas in Madrid, Spain. Economist Christina Gathmann of the Luxembourg Institute for Socio-Economic Research, calls it a \u201cmissed opportunity\u201d that most countries do not recognise birthright citizenship for children of foreign parents: \u201cEurope is falling behind or not thinking about the benefits, because very few countries in Europe have birthright citizenship.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/miir.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Citizenship-children.jpeg&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Citizenship-children&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;29px||25px|||&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Stateless and deprived of rights<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is another category of people that nobody talks about. It concerns at least <strong>381,000 foreigners<\/strong>, according to UNHCR figures, living in the EU without official citizenship, a situation that forces them to live as invisible people without basic rights.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many <strong>stateless<\/strong> people come from states that have disappeared or may have been displaced by war or for other reasons. Others have no nationality, because of gaps in the laws of their country of birth: they may be the children of stateless persons or of people whose countries do not recognise as citizens the children born to their citizens abroad. Some people are stateless because the country where they live does not recognise their country of origin as a state, as in much of the European Union (EU) for people from Palestine or Western Sahara.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_code _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<!-- Line chart: Stateless persons recognized by year --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/p>\n<div id=\"line-chart-container\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> <iframe loading=\"lazy\" scrolling=\"no\"<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> src=&#8221;https:\/\/graphs.civio.es\/posts\/nacionalidad\/stateless-progression\/dist\/index.html?lang=en&#8221; vspace=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;100%&#8221; frameborder=&#8221;0&#8243;><\/iframe><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/p>\n<style><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> #line-chart-container { position: relative; overflow: hidden; height: 750px }<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> #line-chart-container > iframe { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100% }<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> @media (min-width: 555px) {#line-chart-container { height: 700px }}<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/style>\n<p>[\/et_pb_code][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In Sweden the number of recognised stateless persons increased from 5,300 in 2005, the first year with available data, to 42,511 in 2022. In Greece, the number of stateless persons reached 4,488 in 2022, exactly the same as in 2021.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since the middle of the last century, two UN conventions have aimed to guarantee minimum rights for stateless persons. First, the<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/ibelong\/wp-content\/uploads\/1954-Convention-relating-to-the-Status-of-Stateless-Persons_ENG.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 1954 Convention<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, which defines which people fall into this category and requires signatory countries to provide them with access to basic rights that are at least the same as those enjoyed by legally resident foreigners.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then there is the<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/ibelong\/wp-content\/uploads\/1961-Convention-on-the-reduction-of-Statelessness_ENG.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 1961 Convention<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on the Reduction of Statelessness, which limits the requirements that stateless persons must meet to obtain a nationality. However, France, Greece and Slovenia have not yet ratified the 1961 Convention, and Cyprus, Estonia and Poland have not even acceded to the 1954 Convention, according to the latest<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.emnspain.gob.es\/documents\/392158\/527891\/EMN_INFORM_Statelessness_FINAL.2023.pdf\/52d50ce8-3358-a0c8-e9f3-8a9e3484d707?t=1687261072157\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> report<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on statelessness by the European Migration Network (EMN), an EU-funded intergovernmental organisation.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_code _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<!-- Map container: Access to citizenship for stateless persons --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/p>\n<div id=\"map-container\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> <iframe loading=\"lazy\" scrolling=\"no\"<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> src=&#8221;https:\/\/graphs.civio.es\/posts\/nacionalidad\/stateless-map\/dist\/index.html?lang=en&#8221; vspace=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;100%&#8221; frameborder=&#8221;1&#8243;><\/iframe><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/p>\n<style><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> #map-container { position: relative; overflow: hidden; height: 670px }<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> #map-container > iframe { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100% }<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> @media (min-width: 565px) {#map-container { height: 600px }}<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/style>\n<p>[\/et_pb_code][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2022, according to the latest Eurostat data, the 27 EU countries granted citizenship to a total of <strong>7,296<\/strong> stateless persons. As of 2013, the first year for which data is available, at least 67,600 stateless persons were granted citizenship, with more than half in Sweden.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Only 18 countries have simplified access to citizenship for stateless people, according to Globalcit. The process, however, varies from country to country and facilitations are not always provided. Ireland does not require stateless persons to have lived in the country for a certain period of time. In Greece, if a stateless person has lived in the country for 3 years, they can apply for citizenship. Belgium reduces the residence requirement from 5 years to 2 years, while 5 years of residence is also the criterion in Germany. Nine other EU countries, including Spain, Portugal and Romania, do not facilitate the acquisition of citizenship for stateless persons.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All EU countries, except Cyprus and Romania, grant citizenship to people born in the country who would otherwise be stateless. In Greece, children born to stateless parents acquire Greek citizenship if they are born in the country.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>More obstacles on the path to citizenship<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Citizenship acquisition is in any case the only status that recognises the holder as an equal member of society, giving him\/her equal access to rights, but also a sense of security that there is no scenario of returning to the country of origin.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At a time when far-right forces are dragging European rulers towards tightening migration policy, it is certain that the challenges of acquiring citizenship will increase in member states. In Greece, the recent landmark decision of the Council of the State, which terminates Turkey&#8217;s recognition as a safe third country for refugees of five nationalities (Syria, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Somalia), is expected to increase pressure on an already overburdened administration where, without realistic and systematic solutions, the problems of delays in residence permits and citizenship, instead of being corrected, will worsen, leaving thousands of people in limbo.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;10px|10px|10px|10px|false|false&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; box_shadow_style=&#8221;preset6&#8243; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">*The cross-border data investigation was conducted as part of the <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.europeandatajournalism.eu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">European Data Journalism Network (EDJNet)<\/span><\/i><\/a><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The project was coordinated by the Spanish journalism group <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/civio.es\/tag\/citizenship\/\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Civio<\/span><\/i><\/a><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, with the participation of the following newsrooms:<\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/es\/actualidad\/s-30684\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Deutsche Welle<\/span><\/i><\/a><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Germany), <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.noteworthy.ie\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Noteworthy <\/span><\/i><\/a><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Ireland), <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.balcanicaucaso.org\/eng\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">OBCT<\/span><\/i><\/a><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Italy),<\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/dennikn.sk\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Dennik N<\/span><\/i><\/a><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Slovakia) and <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/miir.gr\/en\/about-miir\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MIIR<\/span><\/i><\/a><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Greece).<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><em>To read more on the methodology of the investigation, please check the boxes on methodology at the end of Civio&#8217;s reports: <a href=\"https:\/\/civio.es\/justicia\/2024\/05\/28\/one-small-step-for-a-few-one-giant-leap-for-the-rest-how-to-become-a-european-citizen\/#nota-collapse-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/civio.es\/justicia\/2024\/05\/30\/stranger-in-a-native-land\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/civio.es\/justicia\/2024\/06\/11\/people-of-no-nation-how-being-stateless-means-living-without-rights\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider show_divider=&#8221;off&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.24.3&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;10px||10px||false|false&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.19.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;18px||13px|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The process of acquiring citizenship in Greece and Europe remains fraught with obstacles and significant delays. An EDJNet cross-border data investigation on the barriers and challenges in acquiring citizenship in the European Union.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":16179,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[78,72],"tags":[510,506,507,508,509,172,173,174,126,130,109,107,60,52],"class_list":["post-16241","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-investigations-featured","category-investigations","tag-civio-en","tag-citizenship","tag-eurostat","tag-unhcr","tag-stateless","tag-refugees","tag-migrants","tag-migration","tag-greece","tag-eu","tag-edjnet-2","tag-datajournalism","tag-investigation","tag-miir"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>A Europe for the few - MIIR<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The process of acquiring citizenship in Greece and Europe remains fraught with obstacles and significant delays. 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