Index

– An increase in public expenditure by €22 million

– The responsibilities of ERGOSE

80 per cent of the lights that actually exist are shut off, or red

In Greece, train signage and rail management are based almost exclusively on individual experience. Greece has never had advanced systems for it, and the conventional signage system does not work. According to Kostas Genidounias, train driver on the Athens-Thessaloniki route and president of the Panhellenic Union of Train Personnel, “the train signage system and electronic management are not functioning in Greece. There is no protection system against human error, such as ETCS, which intervenes when drivers are about to make a mistake. For example, the accident in Adendro took place because the train driver didn’t have the necessary signals; therefore, human error was not prevented. These systems are in trains all across Europe, only in Greece trains circulate based solely on experience”. 

What has gone wrong?

At the moment, throughout the Greek railway network, the European Train Control System (ETCS) does not work at any point – not even at points where the equipment has been installed, such as some routes in the Athens region. Smaller installations also exist along the Platy-Thessaloniki and Inoi-Chalkida routes. Throughout the rest of the network, installation projects date back to 2007, when the first contracts for the introduction of ETCS on tracks and trains were signed. In other cases, such an introduction was integrated within future projects, with deadlines aligned with the general ERTMS deadline (2030), as it is the case for the ORIENT/EAST MED corridor which passes through Greece.

All railway sections with integrated but inoperative ETCS installations, current projects and future installations, are pinpointed on the interactive map below, which is based on data from ERGOSE (a subsidiary of the Hellenic Railways Organization responsible for railway construction projects).

Map by Ilias Stathatos

The late and partial introduction of the European Train Control System in Greece is a painful story, reflecting, on the one hand, mismanagement by authorities and by both foreign and Greek contracting companies, and on the other hand, the general difficulties in implementing the European Rail Traffic Management System at the national level.

Delays by international contractors

The first contract for the “Supply of ETCS Level 1 Train System with Related Services” to Greece was published  in the 2006 Public Procurement Issue, as part of the National Strategic Reference Framework agreed by the government with the European Commission, which set out the investment priorities to be supported by the EU in 2007-2013. Almost €25 million  of public budget were to be devoted to the installation of ETCS on Greek trains. The contract was signed by the Italian Ansaldo STS SpA (Ansaldo was then acquired by the Japanese giant Hitachi).

An increase in public expenditure by €22 million

Contract n. 717/2014 was probably one the most remunerative horizontal signage-telecommunication projects in Europe. The purpose of this project was defined as “Rearrangement and upgrading of the signage system in localized sections of the Athens-Thessaloniki-Promachon route”. The project was awarded to the consortium Tomi SA-Alstom Transport SA in March 2014, for a total bid of €41.3  million. The contract bears the signature of the current OSE Chairman, Konstantinos Spiliopoulos, who at the time was CEO of ERGOSE. Tomi is a subsidiary of Aktor (the largest Greek construction company), while Alstom, contributing as a provider of “special signage experience”, is a French rolling stock manufacturer, whose registered trademark is the famous TGV high-speed train. The contract for this new signage system was tied to the ongoing contract awarded to Terna-Thales for the installation of ETCS on the same route.

The responsibilities of ERGOSE

Bickering and problems had begun as early as 2013, when OSE and ERGOSE were drafting the project auction. The main issue was the age and heterogeneity of the equipment to be upgraded – a result of its installation being performed on multiple contracts and during different periods (from 15 to 30 years ago). Later on, disagreements arose between Tomi and Alstom over the choice of resetting materials, with the French company refusing to sign the project’s implementation studies. Thus, most of the project’s studies were signed by another Greek company and not by Alstom, which has the role of contractual borrower.

Author

Author: Nikos Morfonios

This article was published in the European Data Journalism Network – EDJNet.

Copyright: MIIR 

Index

– Why ERTMS is being implemented too little, too slow

Huge delays in the implementation of ERTMS 

Despite its usefulness, ERTMS is still miles from being considered a “success story” for the European Commission. The Commission has been designing policies and providing considerable financial support in order to establish ERTMS as the single European system for railway traffic management. According to a Special Report  of the European Court of Auditors of 2017, between 2007 and 2020 about €4 billion where allocated to member states for the development of ERTMS.υ.

Why ERTMS is being implemented too little, too slow

According to the European Court of Auditors’ Special Report, the main reason why ERTMS has not been implemented so far is unwillingness on the part of many infrastructure managers and railway companies to invest in ERTMS equipment, due to both cost and feasibility. For instance, incentives are low in member states such as Germany, where the national rail system is already functioning well. 

Author

Author: Nikos Morfonios

This article was published in the European Data Journalism Network – EDJNet. 

Copyright: MIIR 

Total number of deaths in proportion to the km travelled by trains in 2018

European Union (28) – Countries with the highest rates

Greece – Hungary – Latvia – Poland – Croatia

Data source: European Rail Accident Information Links Database

Moreover, Greece takes second place among EU countries when it comes to the number of injuries caused by rail accidents in proportion to the kilometers that trains have travelled this specific year.

Heavy injuries in proportion to the km travelled by trains in 2018

European Union (28) – Countries with the highest rates

Estonia – Greece – Romania – Bulgaria – Slovakia

Data source: European Rail Accident Information Links Database

In 2018, the number of deaths and injuries has increased to an alarming degree. According to the 2018 Railway Regulatory Authority’s Annual Safety Report, this is due to immigrants, who “constitute the main problem of Greek railways” since “they do not know the language, cannot understand the warning signs and thus do not follow the safety rules” and, in their attempt to reach the borders, they “move along railway tracks or find refuge in railway facilities, which leads to many accidents”.

Although the problem is undoubtedly real and needs to be addressed, especially since a large part of the network’s rails remain exposed, the data analysis shows that assuming that the immigrant flow towards the Greek borders constitutes the main railway issue is – at least – an overly simplified interpretation of the matter at hand. Greece finds itself consistently in the top positions of risk rates, taking second place in deaths per (train)km in 2012, the second in 2010, and repeatedly in the top positions in the remaining years, both time periods when the migration flow was not as high as nowadays. The vertical axis shows the rate which derives from the total number of deaths to the km travelled by trains.

Combined total of deaths in railway accidents in proportion to the km travelled by trains each year – EU 28

Data source: European Rail Accident Information Links Database

Countries whose rates were <0.5 were left out for more clarity

We raised this issue with the chairwoman of the Railway Regulatory Authority (RAS) Mrs. Ioanna Tsiaparikou, who admitted that “in 2018 the highest death toll is indeed due to the immigration problem, since 9 out of 17 deaths happen to be immigrants. This is an important variable regarding the accidents, but not the main one.” According to her, “the vast number of level crossings is probably the most crucial factor behind railway accidents, especially when one takes into account the length of our [Greece’s] network. This is when most deaths are recorded; not in fatal accidents caused by derailments or train collisions. In Europe, of course, the opposite is happening.”

Level crossings made of wood and soil

Level crossings are one of the most prominent problems of the Greek railways. Their number is considerable high, which makes them a consistent element in reports concerning accidents. In fact, in urban areas the problem is more pronounced, as residents intervene arbitrarily and create improvised crossings, according to the special report “Event Recording and Monitoring System in the National Rail Network” by RAS (November 2018).  This point is seconded by OSE driver and chairman of the Panhellenic Association of Traction Employees, Kostas Genidounias, who suggested that “there are dangerous level crossing in provincial areas, where farmers, mayors or representatives of the local government drop dirt and flatten it out to create a level crossing in the middle of nowhere because someone needs to cross over to get to their fields. The most striking example, though, is in Gazi, Athens. In an area that runs on 25kV because there are bars and cafes, there are three level crossings for pedestrians across a line where trains pass every 10 minutes.  This is close to the metro station Kerameikos heading towards Rouf, another Athenian neighborhood. Two out of three were created by the municipality administration, whereas the other one by the local residents. The first crossing, at the metro station exit, is a wooden structure that allows – often inebriated – pedestrians to cross the railway tracks. After 30 meters, there is a second pedestrian crossing. It is surrounded by bars and cafes, so a wooden ramp was placed there to allow easy access to these.  It’s completely terrifying for drivers to go through this part of the route after 8-9 pm and, unfortunately, there have been a lot of accidents at both points. The third one is located right before the nearby Rosiniol bridge, where local residents have cut through the barbed wire with disastrous results. It is unacceptable that there have been no attempts to replace these crossings with an overpass, a proper pedestrian crossing. We raised this issue with OSE but without much luck – the cafes are still winning this battle. As a result, many pedestrians have lost their lives here over the last few years.”

Unprotected crossing on Konstantinoupoleos Street in Kerameikos/Gazi, January 2020. Photo: MIIR

According to the data from the ERA’s “Railway Safety in the EU – Safety Overview 2017”, there are 31 unprotected (“passive”) level crossings per 100 km of railway in Greece, whereas in the European Union the average is 23. When it comes to crossings with an active warning system, which could be either a guard room or an electronic barrier, these numbers drop to 34 for Greece and to 26 for the EU. Overall, Greece had 1,263 level crossings in 2018, out of which 45% are passive. The small decrease shown in the chart below is because level crossings that have been temporarily suspended are no longer taken into account.

Number of railway crossing per type in Greece, 2014-2018

• Unprotected (“passive”)
• With an active safety system

Data source: Regulatory Authority for Railways (RAS) – Safety Report 2018

In addition, Greece comes second in the EU when it comes to the serious injuries incurred at level crossings in proportion to the kilometers travelled.

Heavy injuries at level crossing in proportion to the km travelled by trains in 2018

European Union (28) – Countries with the highest rates

Estonia – Greece – Ireland – Romania – Slovakia

Data source: [as per above]

Greece also holds the sad lead in the death toll from rail accidents that have happened at level crossings in proportion to the kilometers travelled by trains among the EU countries.

Combined total of deaths at level crossing in proportion to the km travelled by trains in 2018

European Union (28) – Countries with the highest rates

Greece – Croatia – Latvia – Slovakia – Estonia

Data source: European Rail Accident Information Links Database

Between 2014 and 2018, 22 people lost their lives in railway accidents at level crossings, while 19 were injured.

Deaths and heavy injuries caused by accidents at level crossings Greece, 2014-2018

(orange) Injuries

(red) Deaths

Data source: Regulatory Authority for Railways – Safery Report 2018

Speaking on RAS’ behalf, its chairwoman Mrs. Ioanna Tsiaparikou suggested that there is a need to “introduce a committee that will streamline the existence of level crossings in order to reduce their numbers as much as possible. They would also need to fence the railway lines to stop pedestrians from crossing them. For example, the newly launched high-speed lines, such as the one connecting the villages Tithorea and Domokos, are fenced-in with no level crossings and thus expected to contribute significantly towards the solution of this problem. Educating the population to be careful at level crossings is another important prevention measure and that is why we have already taken action. With the permission of the Ministry of Education and in cooperation with the OSE, we have kicked off a program that educates primary and high school students about safety when it comes to crossings, electrification systems and railways. More than 10,000 children have taken part in this program and we will continue”.

We reached out to Konstantinos Spiliopoulos, the current chairman of OSE, to inquire about more specific information. He suggested that he was hard-pressed for time due to his excessive workload and avoided making any comments.

Pedestrian accidents and derailments

However, level crossings are not the only hazard in the Greek railway network. According to RAS data, the most common cause of accidents and deaths within the Greek railway network are pedestrian collisions, a phenomenon that has increased significantly in recent years. Accidents at level crossings rank second, whereas the third most frequent cause are derailments. The primary cause for derailments is the poor state of the infrastructure as well as the traffic mismanagement. Both derive from the non-functioning of it signaling and automatization system (link to the first part of the research).

Railway accidents in Greece

Per accident type, 2014 – 2018

[as they appear from left]

• Collisions
• Accidents at level crossings
• Train fires
• Derailments
• Passengers being carried away by train (cars)
• Other

Data source: Regulatory Authority for Railways – Safety Report 2018

These accidents have taken a heavy toll. From 2010 to 2018, there have been 137 deaths and 97 serious injuries in railway incidents in Greece. Every year from 2010 to 2018, an average of more than 15 people lost their lives and more than 11 get injured.

Deaths and heavy injuries in railway accidents Greece, 2010 – 2018

[yellow] Injuries

[red] Deaths

Data source: European Rail Accident Information Links Database

The underlying causes for the accidents

What is the accident causes that consistently make Greece one of the first countries in railway deaths and injuries amongst its EU counterparts? Between 2015 and 2017, 13 accidents were caused by infrastructure issues such as rails and switches, 7 by rolling stock issues affecting the wheels and/or braking systems, 24 by rail traffic management problems, 5 by natural causes and in 97 cases the cause was “internal”, i.e. incidents involving drivers, pedestrians, vandalism and other categories.

The failure to complete basic infrastructure work aggravates the situation

The sole provider of passenger and freight rail services in Greece is TRAINOSE AE, which was state-owned until 2017, when it was acquired by the Italian railway company Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane Group (FSI) for 45 million euros.

According to their website, TRAINOSE carried a total of 15.6 million passengers in 2016, of which 10.1 million made use of suburban lines and 5.5 million of the national network. They also carried an estimated 1.1. million tons of freight.

The CEO of TRAINOSE in Greece, Mr. Philippos Tsalidis pointed out that “the state of the rail network is perhaps the main constraint when it comes to ensuring the smooth operation of railway transport services offered by TRAINOSE. And  this is caused mainly by the non-completion of basic infrastructure works, such as the telecommand and signaling system.”

As far as the derailments are concerned, in 2017 RAS argued that TRAINOSE needs to put a stop to the phenomenon of trains exceeding speed limits. When we asked Mr. Tsalidis regarding the initiatives that TRAINOSE is taking to reduce the number of accidents, he replied that for the Italian company “safety is at the core of its operations, taking into account all the standards and regulations designated by the relevant institutions”. 

Light rail traffic acts as a safety net

Given that the Greek railway network is not particularly dense, one might wonder how many accidents would take place if train services were as frequent as in other European countries. According to train driver Mr. K. Genidounias, “there are 7 trains in total traveling between Athens and Thessaloniki, i.e. no frequent traffic that could increase the risk of accidents”. He points out that “one train departs at 5 pm and the other at 7 pm. In other words, traffic is fairly light, and this allows for fewer accidents to happen”.

These claims are further supported by data. In terms of passenger-kilometers, the unit of measurement representing the transport of one passenger over one kilometer, Greece ranks 22^nd in the EU, eighth from the end when it comes to the passenger-kilometers covered in 2018. Overall, passenger-kilometers are have also steadily decreased from 1,930 million in 2007 to 1,104 million in 2018. This downward movement in the use of the Greek railway and its small sizes are further highlighted by the cumulative number of train-kilometers, i.e. the distance travelled by trains of all types, which dropped from 19,905 million in 2007 to 11,009 million in 2018. It is worth noting that, according to ELSTAT data and the latest RAS report, the total length of railway lines that are in use in 2018 decreased by 264 km since 1938, going from to 2,557 km in 1938 down to 2,293 km in 2018.

Employees working beyond their capacities

The shunter at the Dhekelia railway station and chairman of the Panhellenic Federation of Railway, Mr. Panagiotis Paraskevopoulos seems to be in agreement with his colleague and chairman of the Panhellenic Association of Traction Employees Mr. Genidounias. He claimed that “maintenance is equally important to accident prevention, because the 15-17 million euros that OSE receives annually barely suffice to carry out maintenance works. Throughout the financial crisis it has been confined to superficial repairs. Proper funding which would allow for proper maintenance is required”.

Mr. Paraskevopoulos focuses on the severe shortages in railway staff, which essentially increases the likelihood of human error. “Mistakes in operating technology”, he says, “can also lead to accidents. It’s always possible. Machines break down, pieces of equipment are lost. We are human and thus prone to mistakes. I am not saying this as an excuse, but Greek railways are facing an acute shortage of staff. As a result, people, especially drivers, are often forced to work too many days per month and considerably more hours than what is prescribed by labor law. To give you an example, there is a schedule for working hours which covers the area from Livadia (a town in central Greece) to Piraeus and from Kiato (in the Peloponnese) to Athens Airport and which would normally require 75 shunters to run properly. This would assume breaks for rest and annual leaves. Right now, there 47 employees, myself included, who are working to cover the workload for 75. Breaks are rare. From 1/1/2021 this number would go down to 27. Even if we were to break into three pieces each, there is no way that we can meet all necessary requirements without reinforcements”.

Blockquote: Nine child deaths by electric shock in parked cars since 2010

The very large and consistent number of underage casualties is shocking. They are caused mainly by electric shocks from the overhead lines at stationary vehicles within railway facilities. Nine minors have lost their lives since 2010; seven in the three years from 2014 to 2017, as they were electrocuted by contact lines after climbing on parked vehicles which was left unattended outside the designated area.

It is worth noting that these deaths of minors have not been included in the annual safety reports send by RAS together with OSE to the European Union Agency for Railways (ERA), as the trains were not in motion and the deaths are not considered “railway accidents”. OSE responded, albeit with a delay, to these accidents that showcase the poor organization of Greek railways, by putting up warning signs about high voltage at train stations, especially where there have been cars parked for longer periods under contact lines, and by launching, in cooperation with RAS, an educational program for schools that aims at the prevention of railway accidents (especially in the prefecture of Larissa). At the same time, GAIOCE, the property management company for the railway network and rolling stock of OSE proceeded with gradually moving these cars in safer areas.

However, the problem cannot be resolved so easily, because over the last few decades OSE has accumulated vast quantities of so-called useless railway rolling stock that needs to be “retired” but has piled up in different railway facilities throughout Greece. We ask GAIOSE representatives about the safekeeping of the railway rolling stock and they replied that “the parked cars are protected, as in they are surrounded by a fence and so on. If someone climbs over this fence, which is often the case, we’re talking about a different situation”.

An ongoing problem

Greece consistently scores very poorly in railway safety, staying well behind the European average. The high injury and death rates vs. its train-kilometers as well as the more or less consolidated number of dead and injured people despite the extravagant amounts of money spent on railway safety and the small, ever-shrinking size of its network clearly indicate that this is not a temporary but a structural issue. This calls for a decisive and innovative intervention.

“We’re moving towards a modernization of the network, which should lead to effective solutions”, suggests Mrs. Tsiaparikou. “Infrastructure issues will be resolved thanks to the new modern lines on the Patras-Athens-Thessaloniki-Idomeni axis, which include fewer to no crossings and the longest parts of the line are fenced-in. At the same time, we would need to speed up contractor work and fully implement the modern signaling and telecommand system, the European Railway Traffic Management System ERTMS, which will improve safety conditions. To put it simply, when there is centralized management, one can remotely stop a train at any time and prevent overspeed. Greece is facing a plethora of problems, mainly because everything is done manually and there are no automated systems.”

Until these problems are resolved, one thing’s for certain: Greek citizens, tourists and immigrants are going to continue to pay through the nose for one of the most dangerous railway networks in Europe.

Author

Greece takes the bloody lead in deaths and injuries in rail accidents in the EU, according to MIIR research results. Problems are mainly caused by unsafe level crossings, poor infrastructure and traffic management systems, and understaffed companies.

Text – Research: Nikos Morfonios, Ilias Stathatos

Data visualization: Ilias Stathatos